The Soviet Union inaugurates the “Space Age” with its launch of Sputnik, the world’s first artificial satellite. The spacecraft, named Sputnik after the Russian word for “satellite,” was launched at 10:29 p.m. Moscow time from the Tyuratam launch base in the Kazakh Republic. Sputnik had a diameter of 22 inches and weighed 184 pounds and circled Earth once every hour and 36 minutes. Traveling at 18,000 miles an hour, its elliptical orbit had an apogee (farthest point from Earth) of 584 miles and a perigee (nearest point) of 143 miles. Visible with binoculars before sunrise or after sunset, Sputnik transmitted radio signals back to Earth strong enough to be picked up by amateur radio operators. Those in the United States with access to such equipment tuned in and listened in awe as the beeping Soviet spacecraft passed over America several times a day. In January 1958, Sputnik’s orbit deteriorated, as expected, and the spacecraft burned up in the atmosphere.
Officially, Sputnik was launched to correspond with the International Geophysical Year, a solar period that the International Council of Scientific Unions declared would be ideal for the launching of artificial satellites to study Earth and the solar system. However, many Americans feared more sinister uses of the Soviets’ new rocket and satellite technology, which was apparently strides ahead of the U.S. space effort. Sputnik was some 10 times the size of the first planned U.S. satellite, which was not scheduled to be launched until the next year. The U.S. government, military, and scientific community were caught off guard by the Soviet technological achievement, and their united efforts to catch up with the Soviets heralded the beginning of the “space race.”
The first U.S. satellite, Explorer, was launched on January 31, 1958. By then, the Soviets had already achieved another ideological victory when they launched a dog into orbit aboard Sputnik 2. The Soviet space program went on to achieve a series of other space firsts in the late 1950s and early 1960s: first man in space, first woman, first three men, first space walk, first spacecraft to impact the moon, first to orbit the moon, first to impact Venus, and first craft to soft-land on the moon. However, the United States took a giant leap ahead in the space race in the late ’60s with the Apollo lunar-landing program, which successfully landed two Apollo 11 astronauts on the surface of the moon in July 1969.
1. google
2. http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/
It is interesting to see how you highlight the idea that the Space Race was an intense contest between two global superpowers at the time. Every time the Soviet Union achieved something the United States would try to emulate what the Soviets did. The Space Race was truly a competitive arena of the Cold War. However, I would also like to see you talk about how the launch of Sputnik affected different aspects of life in the United States, such as education. Were there any reforms made on education after the launch of Sputnik? Were students encouraged to pursue math and science? It seems to me as if the Space Race forced American schools to be more strict and demand more of their students at school. Otherwise the United States would fall behind in the space exploration.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Defense-Education-Act
It is interesting to see how you highlight the idea that the Space Race was an intense contest between two global superpowers at the time. Every time the Soviet Union achieved something the United States would try to emulate what the Soviets did. The Space Race was truly a competitive arena of the Cold War. However, I would also like to see you talk about how the launch of Sputnik affected different aspects of life in the United States, such as education. Were there any reforms made on education after the launch of Sputnik? Were students encouraged to pursue math and science? It seems to me as if the Space Race forced American schools to be more strict and demand more of their students at school. Otherwise the United States would fall behind in the space exploration.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Defense-Education-Act
This is a great post and very informative about Sputnik, but I also agree with the comment above and I really think that you could talk about how it effected education in the United States.
ReplyDeletehttp://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/10/how-sputnik-changed-u-s-education/